Historians of the Crusades in the Russian School, Zaborov

The Crusades greatly affected Europe in the Middle Ages, when the vast majority of the continent was united under the powerful papacy, but by the fourteenth century AD, the old principle of Christianity collapsed and the development of centralized bureaucracies that later became the nation-state, shaped modern England, began France Germany and others.Europeans were greatly influenced by Arab and Islamic civilization during the Crusades, but many historians believe that the greatest influence and transfer of medical knowledge, architecture and other scientific knowledge occurred in the fields of cultural and commercial exchange that was at peace. With Islamic countries such as the Norman state in southern Italy and the areas of Arab-Islamic interaction with Europe in Andalusia and the flourishing trading cities in the Mediterranean such as Venice, Genoa and Alexandria, but there is no doubt that the Europeans were also influenced by the Arabs during the Crusades, in the past, the Crusades also helped in The establishment of states in Italy that benefited from the beginning of trade relations and cultural exchanges with the Crusader kingdoms and Islamic cities.The Crusades had bloody effects. In addition to the bloodshed in the eastern wars, non-religious minorities suffered greatly, as the Albanians in southern France and the Jews in Germany and Hungary were massacred as infidels or the killers of Christ. This led to the development of racial discrimination between the peoples of Europe, which was the Jewish bloc in Europe, and isolating them from its consequences, which later inspired Nazi and fascist thought in adolescence to the nation states in Europe. The people who were under the control of the Crusaders during the Crusades see them as a form of colonialism and a period of oppression and delay, and Muslims consider figures such as Salah al-Din and al-Zahir Baybars as heroes of liberation, and Europeans see them as well. The characters involved in the Crusades as adventurous heroes surrounded by an aura of holiness, therefore Louis IX is considered a saint and the image of a pure believer in France, Richard the Lionheart is considered an exemplary crusader king, as is Frederick Barbarossa in German culture.