“The sociopolitical Causes and the Grounds for the Expansion of Ghuluww in Kufa from the time of Establishment of Kufa to Minor Occultation”

The present treatise attempts to examine the most important political and social factors of the emergence of the Ghali currents. Ghuluww has always had negative and strategic consequences. Ghuluww about the Imams (PBUH), religious elders, and Ghali leaders, has existed throughout history. According to the history and opinion of some scholars, the main origin of Ghuluww was in the first and second centuries in Mesopotamia, especially in Kufa. The establishment of Kufa was one of the strategic imperatives that required the outbreaks of the Second Caliph. Kufa was selected as a permanent military base at the nearest battlefield, which had begun to expand and flourish, and many settlers gathered in the city. The social context of Kufa, due to the residence of the various minorities and ethnicities, had a complex and heterogeneous social-cultural structure, including various tribes of Arab and non-Arab, including Iranians. In this thesis, the factors and political and social grounds that led to the emergence and expansion of Ghulat’s sects in Kufa are discussed. Political factors of Ghuluww include the oppression of the Umayyads against the Ahl al-Bayt (PBUT) and the Shiites, as well as the political ambitions of Ghulat leaders. Its Social factors include the role of Kofi’s religious, political, and religious beliefs.