The main factors of power and influence in the pre-Islamic and Umayyad periods

The pre-Islamic nervousness ruled Arab society in the pre-Islamic era, so that the political and social system in that era was built upon it. The ingredients of strength in the pre-Islamic era are foreign relations, so the ruler had to take the recommendation of the ruling from the large countries neighboring the Arabian Peninsula, such as the Roman and Persian states, as well as he must have strong relations to pass his foreign trade with the Levant Prisons, impurity, torture and violence played a major role in maintaining the rule at that time, so whoever violated the authority was subjected to the most severe corporal punishment, as happened with the Messenger of God and the House of God, peace be upon them, when he sent a prophet and a warning to the worlds. Muhammadi and the divine support in its permanence, and after the advent of Islam, people entered Islam in droves, and their ideas were mixed with the laws of Islam and the old ideas that are still rooted in their pre-Islamic minds, such as nervousness, violence, ostracism and other intellectual habits that were a criterion for governance at the time, and among the most prominent who preserved these Ideas are illiterate for many reasons Including that the rule during the pre-Islamic era was in the hands of Abu Sufyan, who was from the Umayyads, so the Umayyads were longing for the old days in which they were the masters of the Arabs, and so when they came to power and formed their Umayyad state in its beginnings under the rule of Muawiyah bin Abi Sufyan and then he bequeathed it to his sons It was indicative of the strong pre-Islamic tendency that the Umayyads used to establish their rule, such as the extreme violence they exercised against their opponents and opponents. Likewise, the adoption of the tribe’s style is the first in positions, and this is what Islam rejected in total and in detail, as Islam set the criterion of competence and piety in selecting for sensitive positions, and the distribution of money was unequal, so the Umayyads received more money from the rest of the Muslims, and one of the important aspects that characterized the Umayyad state is what was called the Conflicts between Arab tribal groups in the Umayyad era The name of tribalism is tribalism, and a lot was said about it in the Umayyad era and witnessed great interest because it highlights one of the dark sides of the Umayyad state and one of the factors that led to its downfall in the East. The aim of addressing this important topic in Islamic history is to identify the elements of power and control in the pre-Islamic and Umayyad eras, as well as study the most prominent similarities and differences between these two eras, through the descriptive-analytical approach. One of the results of the study is that the elements of power and control in the pre-Islamic era and the Umayyad state were characterized by tribal and ethnic fanaticism and giving privileges to the tribe’s sons like the common people, as well as fighting and confronting any opponents of their aggressive policy towards others and their desire for hegemony abhorrent to rule.