The process of formation of biblical literary criticism in the modern era (early period, source criticism, form criticism)

The Bible has always been criticized since it was written and recognized. These critiques were very scattered before the advent of the modern age, but with the beginning of the modern age and the expansion of the space of rationality and scientism, scholars were influenced by that space and freely criticized the Bible. In this dissertation, we have called the critical topics from the beginning of the modern era to the formation of biblical criticism as the early period, and we have studied the most important personalities of this period and their arguments. With their critiques, these scholars paved the way for the scholarly critique of the Bible. Subsequently, German scholars in the eighteenth century introduced the study and critique of the Bible to German universities, which led to the development of biblical critique. The issues they initially raised are now known as source criticism. In this work, after stating the position of the branch of literary criticism and the field of critique of the biblical source, we follow the process of forming hypotheses about the Old Testament, from the original documentary hypothesis to the hypothesis of evolution, and about the New Testament from Griesbach hypothesis to Farrer hypothesis. . At the beginning of the twentieth century, some scholars came to the conclusion that source critical discussions could not completely reconstruct the sources of biblical texts, so they developed a critical method to achieve the ancient and social status of biblical texts. This method was originally developed for the Old Testament but grew significantly in the New Testament. In the last chapter of this thesis, we summarized the topics and presented suggestions in the form of a result. It should be noted that this trend continues until now and has witnessed various developments and has been able to be divided into various disciplines. Our aim in this dissertation is to examine the process of shaping the science of biblical literary criticism from the early period to the critical period.