Architectural and ArtisticStudy of Al-Ha’irAl-HusainiFromJalayiridsEratoThe End of Ottoman Era

Al-Ha’iral-Husaini[the courtyard around Imam Husain’s holy shrine]which includes the pure body of Imam Husain (peace be upon him), is deemed one of the religious tombs and sitesthat is important not only in the hearts of Muslims, but alsoin the hearts of all the free people in the world, since the tragedy of the great martyrdom untilnow, and we see many of the architectural and artisticchanges;many details of every age and culture of each influential generation have been interrelated; Hence, the problem of investigation is determined after searching for the reason for naming the holy shrineAl-Ha’irin the following question: What is the role of successive governments on Al-Ha’ir al-Husainiin reconstruction and the impact they left on it – negatively or positively. In this thesis, after the reference to the famous narrative talking about thecirclingof water at the holy tomb at the time ofAbbasidMutawakkil, we show how the rulers and the loyalists in various are interested in the architecture ofal-Ha’ir; where many architectural and artistic changes have been conducted. We believe that there is a close correlation between what the rulers hold of cultural, intellectual and religious mood and the architectural changes and artwork for al-Ha’ir al-Husaini. Through our study, there are negative and positive effects withconsiderablechanges on the architectural and the artistic levels during the successive stages have appeared, yet these changes associated with the political, ideological and theological changes, and the nature of regimesin different historical eras. They have a significant impact on shifts and effects that accompanied the art of architecture. InJalayiridsera, we findthat the nature of architecture is at the constructive(architectural)and technical levels, i.e., it depends on the constructive building, while in the Safavid and some Ottoman rulers are dedicated on artisticandembellishingdetails. So, it is possible to state that the Jalayiridsera is relied on the functional aspect, as for the Safavid and Ottoman erasare relied on the aesthetic aspect. Therefore, the method used in the study is the historical approach for the stage of gathering information for the theoretical framework and the analytical descriptive approach through explaining and clarifyingthe texts relating to the subject what is descriptive, investigative, analytical, deductive [approach]and the interpretive reading in the light of samples analysis.