Examining the types of sentences and their meanings in the Diwan of “Shathel Taqa”

From ancient times to the present day, sentences have been one of the most important parts of linguistics and one of its main pillars, which has made syntacticians, orators, and language scholars pay deep and wonderful attention. Sentences in any language, especially in Arabic, are the cornerstone and reality that have occupied students at different levels of education. Because people see themselves as incomprehensible due to a lack of semantic understanding of sentence types (verbal, nominative, and conditional). For this reason, this research is devoted to the study of sentences of three types. Of course, we should know that the definitions that have been made so far in the sentence do not go beyond the presentation of grammatical rules and examples of each of its types, and there is no reference to the links between the semantic dimension and the syntactic dimension of the sentence, in its three types. As mentioned above, from a semantic point of view, it is necessary to examine and critique the sentence in its three types. Here, we must refer to the definition of semantics, albeit briefly. Semantics is a science that seeks to study meaning; that is, it is a science that studies the conditions that must be met in a word (symbol) and speech (sentence), albeit in a sentence that contains meaning. The science of semantics is sometimes called the science of meanings. In other words, it is a science whose substance consists of linguistic words, phrases, and symbols, and all that is necessary in that linguistic structural system, such as words or contexts. On the other hand, the meaning of the sentence can be understood only by using different types of sentences and referring to the semantic meanings of the sentences in literary texts, especially in poetic diwans. The scholar has used the Divan of Shathel poetry for some reason. As we know, he has combined three poetic, political and diplomatic elements. Another important reason is that he is one of the founders of modern Arabic poetry along with Badr Shakir al-Sayyab, Abd al-Wahhab al-Bayati, and Lady Nazik al-Malaika. All this demanded the researcher to select his poem for this study. The research was started based on the practical study of the sentence with its three parts in Shathel’s poetry. This research sought to present different patterns of his poetry, both according to the patterns and various branches of the sentence and then to study and analyze it and clarify the observations on it, and to try to link this with the semantics of semantic structures, which the poet intends to achieve it with his various forms. This research has been done with the aim of completing the Arabic library as well as for those who are interested in literature, enriching the literary aspect in grammar and semantics and identifying the shortcomings of previous research in sentence structure, as well as helping future researchers in this field.