The Study of Management in the History of Islam With a Special Look at Administrative and Financial Management in the Umayyad and Abbasid Eras

The current study aims to investigate the issue of effective management in financial and administrative management in the “Umayyad and Abbasid” eras by modeling Islamic management in the life of the Prophet Muhammad (may God bless him and his family), benefiting from this experience and the great legacy that the Holy Prophet (may God bless him and his family) left us. In the management of the Islamic state in the early days of its inception, despite the short period that the Prophet lived, it was rich enough to benefit from it to some extent. The method of the inductive and deductive approach was relied upon, by downloading the texts related to the research, and deducing information from the texts and what they mentioned. The sources and references are then presented in a clearer and more innovative manner, with reference without tedious verbiage or abbreviation to the administrative advantages and disadvantages, so to speak, in the Umayyad and Abbasid eras. Topics that are related to this study that we have. The results of the study indicated that the elements of governance for the Umayyads were manifested in the caliphate, the mandate of the covenant, and the ministry. As for the administrative institutions in the Umayyad era, they were divided into financial institutions, such as the Office of Letters and Writing. This office was established in this era. To carry out the tasks of drafting the messages of the Umayyad caliph, such as “decrees, agreements and administrative orders, and supervising the response to messages received from the states and addressed by the caliph to the workers of the states.” And the postal system became used in various military and war matters. And the Court of the Seal, which was introduced in the Umayyad era, as well as the Court of Charities, the Court of Expenses, and others. As for managing military affairs, the Umayyad state relied on the cavalry, which is the fighting unit of the knights, and this unit has become its backbone for the army. And the men and infantry who used to make up the large part of the Arab Islamic forces, and their mission was to confront the enemy cavalry. In addition to the archers and catapults, reference was also made to the arbitrary rule practiced by the Umayyad state and its influence over the followers of the Ahl al-Bayt and its attempt to obliterate the Shiite identity. As for the Abbasid state, the Abbasids based their rule on three groups: “religion, the army and the administrative staff”, but they made some modifications in each of them. And they strengthened their relationship with the scholars, so they guaranteed control over the base that provided them with soldiers, so they formed an imperial army. They also aimed to establish understanding and create an atmosphere of cooperation between the Arabs and the loyalists – especially the Persians, which increased the strength of the Abbasid army, which is the most important institution among the joints of the Abbasid state according to the administrative vision of the state. Between those who preceded it and those behind it from the Islamic countries.