The Ottoman Conquests During the Reign of Abdul Hamid II Headed Towards the Arab East in the Fourteenth Century and the Location of the Hijaz in Particular

Historians say that the motive was the Ottoman state reaching the stage of saturation in the conquests of Europe at the end of the fifteenth century, and that it had to search for new fields, but in fact the state was not completely cut off on the western front, but moved the center of gravity from the Balkans in the west to Egypt Levant and Hijaz in the east, and since the early sixteenth century and the position of the Ottomans towards the West has become more defensive than offensive. The importance of the topic lies in the search for the reasons and factors that prompted the Ottoman army to abandon the western conquest and head towards the Arab East and Hijaz in particular, and how Sultan Hamid II’s policy and special services were at the fore during his reign, the Hijaz and railway project. The objectives of the research lie in explaining the reasons for the displacement of the Ottoman conquest to the east, clarifying the Ottoman control over the Hijaz and the ruling families, and a statement on the political events during the reign of Sultan Abdul Hamid II in Hijaz. The study project, to examine its topics, chapters and research tools, relies on the “historical research method” and poses the main question (What were the Ottoman conquests during the reign of Abdul Hamid II towards the Arab East in the fourteenth century and the location of the Hijaz in it? Specifically?) and that the main hypothesis of the research is The issue of four centuries of rule by the Ottoman Empire has remained for most of the Arab countries and is still a subject of controversy and a path of dispute among historians, whether it can be considered an Ottoman caliphate or an invasion and occupation. Al-Desouki believes that the Ottomans are nothing but invaders and colonizers who occupied the Arab countries for four centuries.