Manifestations of realism in Mahmoud Darwish’s poetry (case study: Diwans, “don’t apologize for what you have done and the trace of butterfly)

In the dissertation entitled “The Manifestations of realism in the poetry of Mahmoud Darwish, case study: “Do not apologize for what you have done and the trace of butterfly”, the researcher aims to reveal the poetic value of Mahmoud Darwish’s poems, the degree of reflection of realism and its manifestations in the real understanding of the life order of realist literature, the motivations experienced by the poet, and the degree of its reflection in the mind and thinking.  Mahmoud Darwish is one of the poets who has used realism and its types in his poetry, and by breathing soul into his poetry, he has turned it into a mirror that reflects the realities that the poet has experienced. This enables him to show his feelings to the reader based on a number of manifestations of nature. This has caused his poetry to be full of forms and secrets of nature and imagination, which has made his poetic texts distinguished and has turned it into an interesting subject for research.  The goal of the researcher is to explain Darwish’s poetic texts, to know how they are and to explore the hidden realist aspects of his poetry. By relying on the mechanisms and methods of revealing the artistic and aesthetic value of his poetry, the researcher intends to express its subjectivity and scientific spirit, as well as reveal the poet’s style and his poetic and linguistic ability. In his research, the researcher has taken a descriptive, historical and analytical approach, literary criticism and the most prominent contemporary literary schools, and has also used previous similar studies and researches and has achieved several results, some of the most important of which are: 1- The poet has portrayed the realistic stance of his country’s protests and has presented arguments in a completely free manner without any ambiguity or fear and has shown creative artistic literature which is not in conflict with Life and nature, and he has used the secrets related to nature, history and religion in a delicate romantic style, and he has brought his poetry to a high level and made it acceptable to the reader. 2- Mahmoud Darwish’s poetry has characteristics in terms of words and meaning that distinguish him from his contemporaries in describing the homeland, praising the homeland, respecting human beings because of high morals and the power of inner intellect in creative ethical tendencies. Mahmoud Darwish wanted to pour his feelings and thoughts into a preface that has sober language, correct style and an attractive structure. Therefore, he has benefited from the methods used in prose, rhetorical features, and innovative artifacts in poetic language, in a realistic format.