Political Freedom in the Era of the Four Caliphs Historical Study

The topic of “Political Freedom in the Era of the Four Caliphs” is considered one of the historical topics, which are based on the concepts and foundations of freedom in the time of each of the four Caliphs. To present a historical study of the political field during the era of the four Caliphs on the subject of freedom, and to clarify the concepts associated with it in terms of freedom of choice. The ruler in the time of the caliphs in detail for each caliph, and the study of freedom of choice of word in the time of Abu Bakr, Omar and Othman, as well as the freedom of choice of word in the time of Imam Ali, is considered one of the study’s foundations, and the study relied on clarifying the extent of application of sub-political freedom in the time and Each of the four caliphs, as each caliph differed from the others in a certain pattern, sometimes characterized by severity, rejection and strength, and sometimes soft and weak. And the word is in line with the texts of Islamic law, and the study referred in detail to the characteristics and characteristics of each caliph in dealing with issues of political freedom in terms of freedom of criticism, speech, objection and political activity, as well as a clear reading of the application Each caliph is in line with Islam in a positive way and in a negative way, as well as referring in detail to the freedom to choose the ruler, and what differs from him from one successor to another, since the freedom to choose the ruler in the Imam is one of the personal rights of everyone and he must enjoy it , as long as it is not used to attack and harm people, as the study adopted the descriptive and inductive method in all and presenting historical events and facts in the time of the four caliphs through the books of Islamic schools of thought, and then analyzing them in an objective, neutral, and historical manner to arrive at the facts and desired results for the hypotheses and questions. The study obtained results, which are that political freedom in the caliphate of the Commander of the Faithful, Ali, peace be upon him, differed widely from the era of the three caliphs, as the era of the three caliphs was characterized by the policy of axes, so the Umayyads were close to the rulers, and the supporters were in a position far from making political decisions, and those who opposed the policy of the caliphs The three face severe penalties up to death, but in the succession of Imam Ali, peace be upon him, the standard of his ruling policy was the method of the Messenger, may God bless him and his family, in making decisions and Deal with people fairly. There is no discrimination or favoritism because of race, nationality or color. There is no difference between an Arab and a non-Arab except by piety.