The participation of the legislative and executive authorities in legislating laws under the Iraqi constitution of 2005, compared to France and Egypt

Cooperation between the authorities requires that there be a partnership between the legislative and executive authorities, and that the participation between the two authorities is limited to certain limits, represented by the exercise of some of the main competencies in the state.

As through the development taking place in the political systems, it becomes clear that the conduct of state business is no longer the monopoly of a certain authority, but rather the principle of participation in modern systems has become one of the elements of stability in political systems.

Through practical experience, it has been found that the legislator cannot have knowledge of all the important details in the process of enacting laws due to the development taking place in life and the multiplicity of responsibilities. Therefore, it is necessary to involve the executive authority in the legislative process.

The importance of the research is summarized through the objective study of the practical reality that governs the regulation of the relationship between the two authorities in the field of legislation and the search for the constitutional organization that regulates participation in legislation between the two authorities in the usual and exceptional circumstances and standing on the oversight in the two folds.

In this research, we have relied on the deductive approach by examining the texts in the constitutional systems under study and their practical applications, and the method of the comparative study in analyzing these texts.

The parliamentary system in most countries that have adopted this system is characterized by the presence of a legislative authority elected by the people, as well as an executive authority consisting of two bodies, the first of which is the head of state and the second the prime minister. In Iraq, there is the House of Representatives and the Federation Council. In Egypt, there is the House of Representatives or Parliament and the Senate. In France, there is the National Assembly and the Senate. The Iraqi constitution in force has given many parties the right to propose laws, and these The authorities are the President of the Republic, the Prime Minister, the House of Representatives, and committees in the House of Representatives. In Egypt, the President of the Republic, the Prime Minister, and each member of the legislative authority or 10 members of the House of Representatives have the right to propose laws. In France, the right to propose laws belongs to the President Ministers and members of the legislature