The Origins of Moral Responsibility for Other Humans: Evaluating Ethical Theories with Emphasis on Islamic Ethics

Moral responsibility towards other humans is one of the fundamental issues in ethics and religion. The present study uses a descriptive-analytic approach, using library resources and relying on the normative views of ethical philosophers in moral theories, to examine why humans have a moral responsibility for one another and what the origin of moral responsibility towards others is. Moral theories have had different answers and explanations based on their approaches. Consequentialist ethical theories, based on their interpretations of human nature, seek the utmost benefit to themselves, to others, or to all. Deontological theories emphasize on duties in explaining the origin of responsibility towards others, with emphasis on the subjective as well as the present. According to the virtuous explanation, humans can be held accountable to others on the basis of cultivating their inner property and by setting ethical standards. Based on religious assessments and evidence, the different origins and criteria that the moral theories have put forward in relation to human moral responsibility can be categorized in a multilevel and non-monopolistic approach. All human beings act as ethical, different, and complex moral agents, and super tough task to humans is cruel. Human moral responsibility towards others must be measured by the capacity and breadth of the moral factor. From this point of view, ethical biology has levels in which it is possible for all human beings to grow morally, and every human being has the moral responsibility of others and deserves praise or blame.